Groundwater Governance
Groundwater is complex, unseen and often misunderstood. Even in places like the Great Lakes region – known for its abundance of natural lakes, rivers and streams – the groundwater that supplies drinking water and supports aquatic ecosystems is vulnerable to depletion. The variability of precipitation in a particular area, along with the underlying geology, plays a critical role in the availability and sustainability of groundwater use.
Groundwater supplies 75 percent of Minnesota's drinking water and at least 90 percent of agricultural irrigation water. That's why this is one of Freshwater's key focus areas: ensuring groundwater sustainability through restoration, governance and protection.
Groundwater Governance in the Great Lakes Region
Freshwater has led multi-year projects to study how groundwater is governed across the region by the states of Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio and Wisconsin, and 35 Tribal nations. The study was followed by policy recommendations and then active collaboration and engagement with water managers and community members to help create a more equitable and effective structure for ensuring clean and sustainable groundwater – now and in the future.
Phase II (2023-2025)
In Phase II Freshwater identified four geographic areas where aquifers are being shared across political jurisdictions. We convened people in these areas to identify local challenges and possible ways to address these challenges. Through these workshops, we also fostered cross-jurisdictional connections and relationships. We harvested the information from the gatherings and supported it with research on existing policy and legal structures from around the world.
This report lays out the reasoning for our approach, comparisons of two metropolitan and two rural settings, and the best practices and existing barriers that emerged. We hope this work lays a foundation for regional groundwater governance systems rooted in a shared understanding of the importance of groundwater to inclusive prosperity, ecological health, while addressing past harm and future climate and population stressors.

Phase I (2021-2023)
In Phase I of this project, Freshwater assessed the status of groundwater knowledge and the current institutions managing it, the various governance approaches, and some of the challenges.

Freshwater's Groundwater Governance Work
Project announcement
Freshwater to lead a one-year project funded by the Joyce Foundation, Groundwater Governance in the Great Lakes Region: A Comparative Study with Engagement.
Project kick-off: Groundwater Governance in the Great Lakes Region
Freshwater builds project team and sets out to understand groundwater governance.
What's the fuss over water governance?
Who's role is it to manage groundwater when there are multiple users? How does Minnesota's rules stack up to other states?
Freshwater shares Groundwater Governance story at U.S. Water Alliance's One Water Summit
Groundwater Governance Tested at Vermillion River Headwaters
Recently, an important instance of groundwater governance played out in Scott County, MN.
Freshwater continues groundwater governance work in Great Lakes region
Project enters second phase with focus on Tribal engagement and intergovernmental collaboration.